Book Review on The Orphan Oliver - Oliver Twist

An overview of the book The book â€Å"Oliver Twist† was written by Charles Dickens and was published in 1938. It has been adapted as a film and a long running Broadway musical. Initially the book appeared as a serial as each chapter was published separately. The author uses the characters and situations in the book to give social observations that attacks the double standards and imperfections of the institutions in the society. The government, how it handled the poor, laws governing the country and criminal system of the country are some of the issues addressed in the book. Contrary to the expectations of many, he doesn’t suggest solutions to some of the problems addressed in the book. This book is about an orphan who endures a miserable existence in a work house and later goes through a series of sufferings. He however gets a good ending as he meets members of his extended family and lives a happier life thereafter. The book brings about the moral decadence of the society and how innocent c hildren suffer in the hands of the people who should be taking care of them. About the author Charles Dickens was born on February 1812 and died on 9th June 1870. He was the most popular novelist during the Victorian era. His works still remain popular to date. He is responsible for some of the English literature’s most iconic characters. Many of his novels have their themes revolve around social reforms. His work first appeared as a series in magazines. Charles Dickens often created the episodes as they were being serialized in the magazines. This helped him to produce a rhythmic trend throughout his work. (Donovan, 1968) The end of each episode was a cliffhanger which left the readers with an urge to read even more. The readers always stayed anxious waiting for the release of the next episode. Charles Dickens work has been praised across the globe for mastery of prose and realism. Oliver Twist was his second novel and was published by Richard Bentley in 1838. Summary of the book The book begins with Oliver’s birth which was in a work-house. Oliver’s mother was found lying in the streets and then brought to a work house in England. She gives birth the next night to Oliver Twist. The delivery was done by a surgeon and a drunken nurse. Unfortunately she dies soon after delivery. Oliver having been orphaned at a tender age is then transferred to a baby care home where he stays until he is nine years old. At the baby care home, he endures a lot of suffering as they are left to starve by the woman managing the home, Mrs. Mann who pockets all the money given to her for their food. When Oliver is nine, the parish beadle, Mr. Bumble who gave him the name â€Å"Oliver Twist† arrives to inform her that Oliver is supposed to return to the workhouse.   Oliver meets other boys at the work house who are harshly treated. They boys urge Oliver to ask for more food which prompts his removal from the workhouse. He is first locked up and five pounds offer ed to anyone who is willing to take Oliver as an apprentice so as to relieve the parish of his care. Sowerberry, an undertaker is apprenticed and takes Oliver Twist. A fight erupts between Oliver and Sowerberry’s other apprentice, Noah Claypole. The fight raged after Noah had insulted Oliver’s late mother by calling her a bad name. Oliver beat the much older boy, Noah but Mrs. Sowerberry joins in and takes Noah’s side. Oliver is beaten again by Mr. Bumble and Sowerberry’s husband. Inside his room, he breaks down and weeps and later decides to run away. He wanders aimlessly in the streets for some time and later arrives in London. In London, he meets Jack Dawkins also known as the Artful Dodger. Artful Dodger takes him to Fagin who is a receiver of stolen goods and the manager of a clique of thieves who are sent to pickpocket and commit petty crimes in the streets. Oliver is trained as a pickpocket but this is short-lived and disastrous as he is seized when the real thieves botch a theft but escape and Oliver is left to face the music. The theft victim Mr. Brownlow believes that Oliver is innocent and therefore asks for his release when he is taken to court. Mr. Brownlow decides Oliver home but when Fagin learns that Oliver had been released and taken by the theft victim, he sends out two of his accomplices, Bill Sikes and Nancy, to kidnap Oliver as he fears that he could lead the Bow Street Runners to his den. Oliver’s small size and intelligence makes Sikes to see him as an asset in his job. He therefore takes Oliver to assist him in committing his criminal activities. However, Oliver is a complete gremlin when it comes to criminal operations. He is shot on the shoulder but the occupants of the house, Rose Maylie and her aunt sympathizes with him as they see him as an innocent victim of a criminal gang. They take Oliver and cares for him. Monks who is Oliver’s half brother want Oliver out of the way so that he can inherit a fortune. Nancy, the prostitute who kidnapped Oliver together with Sikes is now concerned for Oliver’s welfare and tells Mr, Brownlow and Rose about Oliver. Noah Claypole who was Sowerberry’s other apprentice reappears in the novel but now as an informer. Fagin then passes the information to Sikes. He twists the story so as to make it sound as if Nancy had informed on him while in real sense Nancy had shielded Sikes. Sikes then decide to brutally murder Nancy and flee to the countryside to escape from facing the law. At the countryside, he is haunted by visions of Nancy’s ghost. He then goes back to London to find a hiding place where he later falls to his death while being chased and Fagin is arrested and condemned to be hanged. On a happier note, Rose turns out to be the long lost sister of Oliver’s mother. A chain of coincidences unravel to reveal that Oliver is actually Rose’s nephew and that his mother was once loved. Oliver then lives happily with Mr. Brownlow who was his savior. Noah then becomes a paid informer to the police. Later on Bumbles lose their jobs that prompt him to utter the words â€Å"the law is a ass.† They are then reduced to great poverty and ends up in the workhouse they once lorded. Charley Bates is horrified by Sikes murder of Nancy and decides to become an honest citizen. Work cited Donovan, Frank. The Children of Charles Dickens. London: Leslie Frewin, 1968, pp. 61–62. Charles Dickens . The Parish Boys Progress Book: Richard Bentley Publishers. 1837 Charles Dickens. Oliver Twist. Richard Bentley Publishers. 1837

Medical Records Is Responsible For Scheduling And...

1. Scheduling/referrals: Medical records is responsible for scheduling and appointments. The Physician also will ask the nurse to schedule patients for specific time and days. The Patient Care Representative is responsible for referrals and ensuring each patient is informed about resources needed. 2. Documentation: Each nurse is responsible for their own documentation pertaining to their patient. Physicians may also document in the chart according to their assigned patients. There is typically a phone nurse that may document the status of each patient, there whereabouts, the assigned provider and the patient’s complaint. 3. Assisting the Physician: Each nurse is assigned to a Physician for the day and is responsible for assisting with all tasks. The Physician’s have a certain amount of assigned rooms and the nurses are responsible for keeping the Physician updated on how many rooms are occupied with patients. The nurses may also check the Physician’s mailbox and assist with minor needs. 4. Clean/Stock: There is a full-time janitor in the clinic that is responsible for providing the majority of upkeep throughout the office. The RN’s clean and stock the work-up rooms, med rooms, procedure rooms, orthopedic rooms and the autoclave room. The LPN’s are responsible for cleaning and stocking the Physician’s room first in which they are assigned and then they assist the others with whatever needs to be done. All and all, everyone typically helps each other with cleaningShow MoreRelatedThe Measurement Of Health Care Providers Are Responsible For Patient s Personal Health Privacy1530 Words   |  7 Pages In the healthcare settings, health care providers are responsible for patient’s personal health privacy and calculations to prevent any medical and diagnose problem. The useful technique of healthcare are the units of measurements and formulas. 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The current CDC recommendation is that 11 and 12 year olds receive two doses of the vaccine, at a cost of approximately $148 per dose, withRead MoreUsing A Systems Theory Model1023 Words   |  5 Pagesorganization, and design a solution to the workflow issue. Systems Theory Description Cardiac and Vascular holding unit is an eight-bed unit open system unit in that this unit regularly exchanges feedback with the outside environment. The unit staff is responsible for providing care to patients receiving invasive patient both inpatients and outpatients vascular or cardiac procedures. Myers and O’Brien-Pallas, 2010, contend that an open system, Nursing Services Delivery Theory (NSDT), certain concepts: input

Porno Chic Presentation and Promotion

Question: Discuss about the Porno Chic Presentation and Promotion. Answer: Introduction Advertising is known as any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods and services by an identified sponsor (Kotler and Armstrong, 2010). This marketing concept applies to different fields and it has been used to market activities related to sex. Sexually suggesting images have powerful psychological effects on different people and they are used in various advertisements since they are very attractive. The history of sex and advertising goes back to the beginnings of modern advertising in the latter decades of 1800 and it has evolved to date to include various images that have come to be accepted as models of desire (OBarr, 2011). Various studies have concluded that using sex in advertising has significantly contributed to increased consumer interests and it has also contributed towards building strong brand identities. For instance, Reichert is of the view that many companies have succeeded in their bid to link erotic appeals to commercial success (OBarr, 2011). In this context, sex in advertising is characterised by images showing models posing in suggestive behaviour and this has appealed to the interests of many prospective buyers of certain products being advertised. Sex and advertising does not necessarily expose explicit images of half-dressed females in particular but it can be associated with strong brand identity creation. Significance of sex advertising According to Martin (2012), advertisers have realised that the sexual appeal and desire to find a partner were more appealing and effective than any discourse related to purchasing a product. This trend has been observed in different discourses since the inception of advertising and sex has been seen as a key element in different sorts of advertising. It can be seen that sex in advertising is presented to the viewer with the view of triggering desire while at the same time he or she is denied access. Advertisers then hope that the viewer will develop this craving for the product in order to fulfill the desire stimulated by the advertisement regardless of the fact that access to the model is denied. This trend has proved to be effective in different advertisements. Sex and advertising is a business concept that is gaining recognition in different sectors of business. Therefore, it can be seen that as long as the material depicted in the advertisements is not offensive, then this strat egy can help businesses to appeal to the interests of the targeted consumers. Integrated marketing communications Marketers have perfected the strategy of mass marketing through selling highly standardized products to a large group of customers (Strydom, 2006). In the process, the marketers have developed effective mass-media communication techniques which support advertising to reach millions of people with just a single advertisement. In the same vein, it can be seen that the marketers who opt to use sex advertising in marketing their products should perfect the art of using integrated marketing communications so that they can be in a better position to reach a large number of people from different geographical backgrounds. References Cant, J 2000. Introduction to marketing, CT: JUTA Kotler, P Armstrong, G 2010. Principles of marketing. Cape Town, CT: Pearson. Martin, CF 2012. Porno-Chic and Advertising in Womens Magazines. Retrieved from https://womenshistorynetwork.org/porno-chic-and-advertising-in-womens-magazines/#more-1506 OBarr, WM 2011. Sex and advertising. Advertising and Society Review, Volume 12, Issue 2. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/443593

Manage Organizational Change for Legitimate Power - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theManage Organizational Change for Legitimate Power. Answer: Organizational change is a process to modify and review the previous management structure and the process of business. However, the change of an organization includes competitive working environment, implementation of new technology, economic environment and demand of the consumers[1]. Apart from this government policy and the regulations are the part of organizational change. On the other hand, power refers to the organizational power that is the five bases of power and the political power. Power and the politics are the vital parts of the organizational changes; Positive power of the organization increases the productivity and allows the employees to take decision. Therefore, the positive workplace politics allows the employees to learn and to navigate the politics within an organization. This makes the employees more productive in an organization. Different national cultures accept the power in different ways as people from different cultures have different beliefs and the perspec tives. In Singapore and Australia, national culture leaves a big impact on the change in an organization. However, different dimensions of the Hofstedes culture also affect the organizational change[2]. This study deals with the effects of national culture on the acceptance and use of the power in the change management in an organization. Therefore, the critical analysis will be taken on the change management process in the context of the application power within an organization. Different types of powers are associated with the change program management. French and Raven have established five bases of power in the year 1959 that are associated with the change management program. However, in order to bring changes within an organization, such powers play an important role. One of the most important powers is the legitimate power among the five bases of power. This power highlights on the belief of an individual that each person has the formal right to show his or her demand. Therefore, they can expect from other people to be obedient and complaint[3]. This power allows the organization to execute the demand for a change in an organization. The reward is the second type of power among the four bases of power. This provides compensation to an individual based on his or her ability to work. Employee efficiency is required to bring organizational change. Hence, in order to make an employee efficient reward is a good process to encourage them in their work. Expert is another element of the five bases of power. This power focuses on the high level of skill of a person and huge knowledge[4]. However, to bring change in an organization efficient knowledge and skilled persons are required. The experts reserve the power of knowledge and give shape the change management process within an organization by utilizing their skill. On the other hand, perceived attractiveness of a person, right to respect other and worthiness highlight on the referent power. In order to carry out the change management worthiness and showing respect to other perspectives are necessary. The capability of a person to punish other due to the noncompliance with the legal requirement and the policies is associated with the coercive power. During the change management, process compliance with the organizational policy and government regulation is crucial to avoid the legal issue[5]. Apart from the above powers, there is an additional power is the informational power, which refers to the ability of a person to control the information process within a change management program. Application of the five bases of powers leaves both positive and negative effect on the organizational change. However, the legitimate power or the positional power allows a person to hold a position in the management of hierarchy based on his or her rank. This is a good practice to achieve the position legitimately and there is less favoritism[6]. Therefore, the expert power enables the people to think critically by using their knowledge and skill. This is important to solve any issue during the change management process. However, often the persons having more knowledge and skill focus on their own decision and do not allow others to participate in the decision-making during the implementation of the new change in an organization. This affects the change management process in an organization as communication gap occurs between the employees. Referent power enables a person to show respect to others and makes them trustworthiness. This power is beneficial for the change management by establishing a good relationship between the employees in an organization. However, a collaborative work is necessary for bringing change in an organization. Coercive power is the capacity of the individuals to punish someone due to noncompliance with the rules. This is effective to bring changes in an organization by maintaining all legal frameworks. However, it is often difficult for the organization to follow the changing rules of the government while implementing the new system in an organization. This affects the change management process[7]. Reward power is the most crucial way to motivate the employees in their work that insists them to accept the changes in an organization and to make themselves flexible with the new environment. The major drawback of this reward program is it often creates jealousy between the employees and discrimin ation. Hofstedes cultural dimension refers to a framework of the cross cultural communication process. However, the value of a society culture on its members is the basic element of such theory. Power distance index refers to the belief that allows the individuals to accept the equal distribution of the power. Therefore, individualism vs the collectivism index highlights on the integration of the people in a group within a society[8]. A tight integration and establishment of the good relationship is the main element of such dimensions. Uncertainty avoidance index is another component of this culture, which focuses on the tolerance level of the society for ambiguity. In this dimension, individuals avert an event, which is unexpected or totally new for them. Masculinity vs femininity is another dimension of this theory. In this dimension, the masculinity refers to a preferable position in a society. However, in a masculine society, the women are empathetic in nature but more than the men are. Long-term vs short-term orientation highlights on the connection between the past and the present. The country, which is short-term oriented is economically week while the long-term oriented country gets continuous development. Restraint vs indulgence index focuses on the fulfillment of the happiness. Indulgence is a society that allows the human being to exhibit their desires and to enjoy[9]. On the other hand, restraint refers to a society where the gratification is under control. Such cultural dimension reveals a difference between the cultural values. Therefore, the international cultures are differentiated by the application of such Hofstedes cultural dimension theory. National cultures or Hofstede culture influence the French and Raven's five bases of powers. According to the Hofstede cultural dimension, theory power is distributed equally and the people of society should accept such distribution[10]. On the other hand, legitimate power allows the person to get position according to their formal right. Hence, there is a clear account of the equal distribution of the power, which can be taken place during the change management. In the uncertainty avoidance index, there is the tolerance level of the society in the context of an unexpected event. However, if a culture scores high in this index this become less tolerant of the changes and minimizes the anxiety level. However, the reward power process is influenced by this dimension as the employees who have the high level of performance will minimize the anxiety level during the change in an organization. Expert power can be influenced by the masculinity vs femininity index of the Hofstede culture. Th e culture which scores low in this index shows less gender differences as a result, an expert can be chosen based on the skill rather than the gender within an organization[11]. Hofstedes culture influences the referent power as each culture has specific features. However, people belong from the different cultures having different attractivenesss, which are associated with the referent power. The referent power is associated with persons attractiveness and the worthiness hence, people from different cultures show different features based on their culture. Coercive power is influenced by indulgent vs restraint index of Hofstede culture. In this dimension cultures that provide value to restraint follow the strict social rules that lead the satisfaction of human to regulate or discouraged[12]. Coercive power focuses on the individuals ability to punish someone for the noncompliance with the rules and regulation. Hence, this particular feature of this cultural dimension influences this power during the change management process. Change depends on the culture of a specific country. Hence, in order to bring changes in an organization, it is crucial to give value t o the national cultures. Any changes in an organization should not be affected the culture of the organization as well as the employees. It is important to give value to the employee's culture while bringing changes in an organization. However, Hofstede's cultural dimension influences each power of the five bases of power based on the cultural communication. Singapore and Australia have the different ranking based on the Hofstede dimension. However, Singapore scores high in the power distance dimension that is 74. On the other hand, Australia scores low that is 36 in this index. As a high power distance culture, Singapore needs strong leadership in the change management that can be done through legitimate power. On the other hand, as a low power distance culture, Australia needs more autonomy and the personal responsibility in the change management[13]. On the other hand, Singapore scores 20 in the individualism dimension that highlights the issues regarding the maintenance of the independence of the members of the society. On the other hand, Australia scores 90 in this index that also focuses on the group interest rather than the individual interest. In the masculinity index, Singapore scores low that is 48, which refers femininity where quality life is the main indicator of the success. On the other hand, Australia, scores high that ar e 61, which highlights on the masculinity and it gives a clear indication of the competition, success and the achievement that is driven by the society[14]. Singapore has the low rank in the uncertainty of avoidance index. This highlights on the greater security of the job and high standardization level. Australia has a high score in this index that highlights on the low job security and much uncertainty. In the long-term vs short-term oriented index Singapore scores high that is 48, which is higher than Australia. However, low sore of Australia in this dimension reveals that long-term commitment may hamper the change in an organization[15]. While in the context of Singapore, long-term goal will be helpful for such countries to manage the change. Singapore and Australia both focus on the restraint process, which is associated with the coercive power. However, it is essential for the cultures of both countries to maintain the legal rules during the implementation of any change in the organization. However, the cultural dimensions of both countries are different from one another and possessing different scores in each dimension of the Hofstede culture. It has been found that legitimacy power is valuable in Singapore rather than Australia. On the other hand, reward power is more prefera ble to the Australian culture in comparison to the Singapore. Referent and expert power are valuable for both countries to manage the changes. The entire piece of work reveals the change management process in an organization. However, French and Raven's five bases of powers are associated with the change management process in an organization. It has been found that the different powers of the five bases of power have an impact on the change management process. In order to develop a better change management process, it is important to comply with the rules and regulation of the organization and the government by addressing coercive power. Legitimate power is helpful for the individuals to get position according to their right[16]. Expert power focuses on the knowledge distribution during the change management while referent power is associated with the worthiness. Reward powers play a great role to motivate the employees to accept the change. From this study, it has been received that national cultures or the Hofstedes dimensional theory influence the five bases of powers in relation to change management[17]. On the other ha nd, A comparison of the power-related Hofstede's culture in the context of Singapore and Australia also addressed. Based on the scores of different dimensions of Hofstede culture power bases are identified in Australia and Singapore. References Berlin, Cecilia, W. Patrick Neumann, Nancy Theberge, and Roland rtengren. "Power basetactics for workplace changean interview study with industrial engineers and ergonomists."Ergonomics60, no. 5 (2017): 613-627. Beugelsdijk, Sjoerd, Tatiana Kostova, and Kendall Roth. "An overview of Hofstede-inspired country-level culture research in international business since 2006."Journal of International Business Studies48, no. 1 (2017): 30-47. Block, Joern H., and Sascha G. Walter. "2. Hofstedes cultural dimensions and modes of entry into entrepreneurship."Exploring the Entrepreneurial Society: Institutions, Behaviors and Outcomes(2017): 22. Guinote, Ana. "How Power Affects People: Activating, Wanting, and Goal Seeking."Annual review of psychology68 (2017): 353-381. Koch, Thomas, Magdalena Obermaier, and Claudia Riesmeyer. "Powered by public relations? Mutual perceptions of PR practitioners bases of power over journalism."Journalism(2017): 1464884917726421. Mallin, Michael L., and Charles B. Ragland. "Power-Base Effects on Salesperson Motivation and Performance: A Contingency View."Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing24, no. 2 (2017): 99-121. Minkov, Michael, and Michael Minkov. "A revision of Hofstedes model of national culture: old evidence and new data from 56 countries."Cross Cultural Strategic Management(2017). Minkov, Michael, Michael Minkov, Pinaki Dutt, Pinaki Dutt, Michael Schachner, Michael Schachner, Oswaldo Morales et al. "A revision of Hofstedes individualism-collectivism dimension: A new national index from a 56-country study."Cross Cultural Strategic Management24, no. 3 (2017): 386-404. Mladenovi?, Svetlana Sokolov, Igor Mladenovi?, Milo Milovan?evi?, and Neboja Deni?. "Cross-cultural dimensions influence on business internationalization by soft computing technique."Computers in Human Behavior75 (2017): 865-869. Nacamulli, Raoul, Peter Sheldon, and Edoardo Ezio Della Torre. "Meta-Organizations and Upper Echelons: Exploring Strategic and Organizational Change in Employer Associations." (2017). Patrick, Harold Andrew. "The Impact of Power Bases and Ledership Strategies Adopted by Managers on Information Technology Employees."Ushus-Journal of Business Management9, no. 2 (2017): 1-18. Petrou, Paraskevas, Evangelia Demerouti, and Despoina Xanthopoulou. "Regular versus cutback-related change: The role of employee job crafting in organizational change contexts of different nature."International Journal of Stress Management24, no. 1 (2017): 62. Pfajfar, Gregor, Aviv Shoham, Maja Makovec Bren?i?, Dimitrios Koufopoulos, Constantine S. Katsikeas, and Maciej Mitr?ga. "Power source drivers and performance outcomes of functional and dysfunctional conflict in exporterimporter relationships."Industrial Marketing Management(2017). Steel, Piers, Vasyl Taras, Krista Uggerslev, and Frank Bosco. "The Happy Culture: A Theoretical, Meta-Analytic, and Empirical Review of the Relationship Between Culture and Wealth and Subjective Well-Being."Personality and Social Psychology Review(2017): 1088868317721372.

Recidivism of Juvenile offenders

How, and how effectively, did Charles I raise new sources of revenue in the 1630s Essay Example

How, and how effectively, did Charles I raise new sources of revenue in the 1630s Essay Example How, and how effectively, did Charles I raise new sources of revenue in the 1630s Paper How, and how effectively, did Charles I raise new sources of revenue in the 1630s Paper but in the early years of Charles reign, there seems to have been no thought of actually inducing men to do so. However, by January 1630, a commission was appointed to call up and compound those who should have attended, although it has been argued that the idea for this fine had been suggested much earlier, due to a proclamation which had been made on the 30th January 1626 which summoned all those eligible to appear in London by 31st January; thus making it impossible for any to attend and be knighted. In response to these defaulters, Charles sent personal royal letters to noblemen who headed up the commission in their counties expressing his disappointment and thus urging them to greater effort, and instructed his attorney to proceed against sheriffs who were not collecting the fines strenuously enough. The crude manner in which Charles rigorously enforced distraint of Knighthoods can be seen as a major factor in the distancing of King from country; even Clarendon, a firm royalist labelled Knighthood fines as ill husbandry and most grievous8 due to the obvious manner in which it was exploited simply to bring in revenue. Although by April 1635, knighthood fines had brought in  £173,537; the largest single source of extraordinary revenue other than the loan and the sale of crown lands9, meaning that it was a success in terms of revenue collected, in terms of the damage done between Charles and his subjects, Knighthood fines can be seen as a step on the road to collapse; as Leonard argues, it increased discontent without providing the government with the means to ignore it, as the Scottish wars proved. 0 Forest Fines, which was enforced more rigorously during the 1630s than they had been by any King for over three hundred years, can be seen as another feudal law that caused great friction between Charles and the public . The law itself stated that the King may make a forest in all woods, and that this designated forest may not be changed without permission, which included hunting foxes, felling wood, pasturing cattle, building or in any way encroaching upon it. Gardiner and others have attributed the revival of this law to the Earl of Hollands attempts in 1634 to unseat Lord Treasurer Weston by exposing his abuse of royal woodland in the forest of Dean11, although Hammersley argues that there can be little doubt that the revival of these laws was financially motivated12; as the timber required for naval purposes was if such exacting specifications that only large tracts of woodland could supply the required quantities, large forest fines were thus seen as a method of simultaneously protecting resources needed for national defence and increasing crown income. Forest fines first began in the forest of Dean, which had in fact formerly been disbanded by the crown, which caused much dissent as the public had a unanimous detestation of enclosure, as they looked upon open woodland as a gift, like wild berries and had not come to respect it as a private property of some value13. Although the poor who found themselves trespassers were fined merely shillings, much larger fines were adjudged against aberrant gentry and aristocracy, some of whichs family had regarded the forest land in question as their own for centuries, and thus took great offence, which caused Clarendon to criticise forest fines in his memoirs because of the manner in which it lighted most upon persons of quality and honour, who thought themselves above ordinary oppressions and therefore like to remember it with more sharpness14. In 1634, upon hearing word that Gloucestershire lawyers were searching public records in the Tower of London for records of the borders of the forest of Dean, Sir John Finch, attorney general to the queen, emulated them and subsequently discovered an undated document of unknown origins which declared the set perambulations void. Finch caused scandal with his usage of this dubious document to challenge the set boundaries of Dean, which allowed Charles to enlarge the forest and thus collect more fines for encroachment, but which damaged the Kings political standing with the public, who once again saw his methods as crude and exploitative as they appeared to serve neither policy nor justice. Although Hammersley argues that as a method of raising revenue, the restoration of forest laws was moderately successful, Sharpe contradicts this by stating that the amount was not enough to compensate for indignation engendered15, and thus forest fines must be seen as only of limited success. Monopolies, which involved selling rights over certain goods to businessmen, can be seen as another example of a new source of revenue utilised by Charles during the 1630s which irritated the public due to the manner in which administrative government was exploited by private businesses. By 1640, the Long Parliament complained that monopolists were like the frogs which fell upon Egypt16, in that they were everywhere; a sentiment that was widespread throughout England. Although some of the projects and patents propounded during the Personal Rule were financially motivated, it is evident that others arose from genuine inventiveness or governmental desire to regulate a trade. 7 However, usually the reality of monopolies fell short of the promise, and the profits that were made at the expense of the public did not benefit the treasury, thus exacerbating the irritation such schemes caused; Wentworth described them as the very scandal of his Majestys affairs and the reproach of all his ministers18. Perhaps the most infamous scandal of Charles reign , and one that can be seen as an example of the problems with monopolies as a whole, was the soap patent. In January 1632 the rights over the production of soap was handed to the Westminster Soap Makers, and their competition was suppressed via a royal proclamation which banned the old soap which had been made with fish-oil. The King maintained that his reasons for endorsing the Westminster Soap Makers was to foster an English manufacture that would set the poor to work, although it was clear that some profit was envisaged as the new company promised  £4 per ton of soap that was sold. 9 However, the catholic soap, so called because the most prominent members of the company were all seen as cryptocatholics, failed to sell, despite a later proclamation which allowed the Westminster Soap Makers to use fish-oil in their soap-making in the same way as the old soap makers had been prohibited from. As no real profit materialised from this patent, Charles was seen as pursuing an inefficient and corrupt policy at the expense of the public who were having to pay inflated prices for soap, which l ed to a questioning of Charles right to give one company sole patent over products. Asch argues that monopolies and patents were not an effective source of revenue, as the onlcwy lasting effect that they had was to increase the Kings unpopularity by alienating vested interests without solving the crowns financial problems20. Thus it is evident that the soap patent, and indeed monopolies in general were not an effective source of revenue because, as with many of Charles other money-making schemes, the King showed himself to be politically inept at judging the worth of the income in relation to its cost on public mood. Overall it is evident that during the 1630s, Charles main means of raising new sources of revenue was via the revival and exploitation of obsolete laws, combined with the extensive application of existing laws. As Sharpe argues, instead of looking forward or across overseas to continental practice, Charles looked to the past for inspiration. However, this method of increasing income was highly politically costly, not least because the legality of many of these revived feudal fines was widely disputed, and without Parliament to settle the matter, debate could not be halted. A key example of this is ship money; despite the King winning his case against Hampton in a legal court, the public remained dissatisfied with this outcome. Although it is clear that these sources of revenue were effective in that they enabled Charles to raise enough income to sustain his rule until the outbreak of war with Scotland in 1638, they must also be recognised as one of the key reasons for the breakdown between King and country, as many of the fines were crudely implemented and left the impression that Charles was abusing his prerogative power, to the extent that even royalists such as Clarendon and Wentworth voiced criticism. Therefore, whilst Charles gained financially from these new sources of revenue, his political standing suffered hugely as a result, and thus it must be recognised that Caroline fiscal expedients were truly false mines for obtaining money21, because their political cost was so much higher than their financial value.

Anthro 101 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Anthro 101 - Essay Example So little is known about Sahelanthropus and Ardipithecus that it is challenging to place it conclusively on the tree. Sahelanthropus was discovered by Ahounta Djimdoumalbaye in 2001 in Chad, in the southern Sahara desert. Sahelanthropus has small brain size, brow ridges and small canine teeth, which are characteristic of later hominids. Ardipithecus discovered by a team led by Tim White, Berhane Asfaw and Gen Suwa in the years 1992 and 1993 in Ethiopia. Ardipithecus is a spectacularly complete fossil with about 120 cm (311") tall and weighs about 50 kg (110 lbs). In August 1995, Meave Leakey, a zoologist at the National Museums of Kenya and her colleagues reported the discovery of hominids from the Lake Turkana region in northern Kenya. These finds, predominantly from the site of` Kanapoi, range in age from 3.9 to 4.2 million years and consist mostly of, teeth and jaws, They show strong similarities with A. afarensis but the Kanapoi hominids are characterized by a series of anatomical features that distinguish them as a new species. A. anamensis. Although characters such as tooth formation and the propping of the frontal part of the jaw are dissimilar in these two species, the more primeval character state in Australopithecus anamensis makes it a good ancestor to Australopithecus afarensis. Australopithecus afarensis was discovered by Donald Johanson in 1973 at Hadar in Ethiopia. It was an adult female of about 25 years. Her pelvis, femur (the upper leg bone) and tibia show her to have been bipedal. She was about 107 cm (36") tall (small for her species) and weighed about 28 kg (62 lbs) From the figure above, Australopithecus anamensis is judged to be a sole ancestor to Paranthropus aethiopicus and robustus, and because they both displays a host of features derived in the robust direction, they are not viewed as an